Reorganización empresarial de la industria cerámica de Norte de Santander, ante el cierre de la frontera colombo-venezolana
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sector cerámico, cierre de frontera, reorganización empresarial
El sector cerámico Norte de Santander se encuentra ubicado en seis municipios en la frontera colombo venezolana y tradicionalmente su mercado estaba dirigido a clientes venezolanos, debido a su cercanía, facilidad de transporte y ventaja en el cambio de divisa. Sin embargo, por diferencias en los sistemas políticos y económicos de los dos países la frontera fue cerrada en el 2015 y el mercado tradicional del sector desapareció. El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar las formas de reorganización gerencial que ha tenido el sector cerámico de Norte de Santander, frente a la crisis de cierre de frontera. El método de estudio es positivista y la información se recabó de 49 organizaciones del sector. Los principales hallazgos señalan que las organizaciones estudiadas, realizaron acciones de reorganización gerencial tales, modificar el portafolio de productos, invertir en otros negocios relacionados o no con la empresa, modificar la forma y tamaño de la planta de personal y reestructurar la gobernabilidad y funcionamiento de la compañía.
J. Sarabia-Guarin, J. Sanchez-Molina y J. González-Mendoza, "Retos y tendencias del sector cerámico artesanal de Cúcuta y su área metropolitana," Respuestas, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 67-79, 2020
M. Belandria, "Frontera cerrada. Consecuencias y perspectivas," Aldea Mundo, vol. 21, no. 42, pp. 77-84, 2016
R. Linares, "Seguridad y politica fronteriza: una mirada a la situación de frontera entre Venezuela y Colombia," Revista Opera, vol. 21, pp. 135-156, 2019
M. Ardila, J. Lozano y M. Quintero, "Dinámicas, vulnerabilidades y prospectiva de la frontera colombo-venezolana," Íconos. Revista de Ciencias Sociales, vol. 70, pp. 37-57, 2021
S. Gilson, Creating Value Though Corporate Restructuring. Case Studies in Bankruptcies, Buyouts, and Breakups, New Jersey.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, 2010
J. González, J. Sánchez y M. Cárdenas, Pensamiento estratégico y reconversión productiva, Bogotá: Ecoe Ediciones Limitada, 2021
R. Arciniega, "Reestructuración productiva de la industria automotriz en el Estado de México 1994-2016," Iztapalapa. Revista de ciencias sociales y humanidades, vol. 90, pp. 243-247, 2021
P. Hane, "How well will restructure to create to separate companies," Information, pp. 1-6, 2012
E. Bowman and H. Singh, "When does restructuring improve performance?," California Management Review, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 34-54, 2013
R. Kanter, When Giants Learn to Dance. Mastering the Challenges of Strategy, Management, and Careers in the 1990s., London, New York: Routledge, 1989
L. Bebchuk, "new approach to corporate reorganizations," Harvard Law Review, vol. 101, no. 4, pp. 775-804, 1998
T. Hoshi, A. Kashyap and D. Scharfstein, "The role of banks in reducing the costs of financial distress in Japan," Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 27, pp. 67-88, 1990
M. Alderson and B. Betker, "Liquidation costs and capital structure," Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 39, pp. 45-49, 1995
Z. Fluck and A. Lynch, "Why do firms merge and then divest? A theory of financial synergy," Journal of Business, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 319-346, 1999
D. Bergh, "Product-Market Uncertainty, Portfolio Restructuring, and Performance: An Information-Processing and Resource Based View," Journal of Management,, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 135-155, 1998
R. Hoskisson, A. Cannella, l. Tihanyi and R. Faraci, "Asset Restructuring and Business Group Affiliation in French Civil Law Countries," Strategic Management Journal, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 525-539, 2004
E. Bowman, H. Singh, M. Useem and R. Bhadury, "When Does Restructuring Improve Economic Performance?," California Management Review, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 32-54, 1999
S. Pathak, R. Hoskisson and R. Johnson, "Settling up in CEO compensation: The impact of divestiture intensity and contextual factors in refocusing firms.," Strategic Management Journal,, vol. 38, no. *, pp. 1124-1143, 2014
Z. Wu and A. Delios, "The emergence of portfolio restructuring in Japan," Management International Review,, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 313-335, 2009
C. Park and S. Kim, "Corporate governance, regulatory changes, and corporate restructuring in Korea," Journal of World Business, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 1993-2004, 2008
G. Baker, "Beatrice: A study in the Creation and Destruction of Value," The Journal of Finance, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 1081-1119, 1992
R. Dewitt, "Firm, Industry and Strategy Influences on Choice of Downsizing Approach," Strategic Management Journal,, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 59-79, 1998
Markides, "The Economic Characteristics of De-Diversifying Firms," British Journal of Management, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 91-100, 1992
T. Davies, T. Boczko and J. Chen, Strategic Corporate Finance, London: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2008
T. Laryea, "Approaches to Corporate Debt Restructuring in the Wake of Financial Crises," International monetary Fund, Staff Position Note, 2010
P. Gibbs, "Determinants of corporate restructuring: The relative importance of corporate governance, takeover threat, and free cash flow," Strategic Management Journal, vol. 14, no. 51, pp. 51-68, 1993
S. Chatterjee, U. Dhillon and G. Ramírez, "Resolution of financial distress: Debt restructurings via Chapter 11, prepackaged bankruptcies, and workouts," Financial Management, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 5-18, 1996
Cámara de Comercio de Cúcuta, "Informe de Gestión 2017," 2018. [En línea]. Disponible en: http://www.cccucuta.org.co/media/transparencia_2017/informe_de_gestion_2017.pdf.
E. Bowman and H. Singh, "Corporate Restructuring:," Strategic Management Journal,, no. 14, pp. 5-14, 1993
R. Moyer, J. McGuigan and W. Kretlow, Contemporary Financial Management, Thomson Southwestern,: Contemporary Financial Management,, 1998
D. Audretsch, M. Carree, A. Van Stel and R. Thurik, "Impeded industrial restructuring: The growth penalt," Kyklos, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 81-98, 2002
C. Tomadomi, L. Búffalo and N. Berti, "Lógicas de configuración industrial: una propuesta teórico-metodológica de análisis.," 2009
G. Dess, T. Lumpkin and A. Eisner, Administración estratégica: Textos y casos, México D.F.: McGraw-Hill., 2011
S. Schonhaar, M. Nippa and U. Pidun, "From patchwork to theory development: Mapping and advancing research about business portfolio restructuring," Management Review Quarterly, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 157-200, 2014
R. Longoria, H. Cantú and d. Ruiz, Pensamiento creativo, México: Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 2006
J. Dewey, Cómo Pensamos. Nueva exposición de la relación entre el pensamiento reflexivo y proceso educativo, Barcelona: PAIDÓS, 1989
I. Bonn, "Improving strategic thinking: A multilevel approach," Leadership and Organization Development Journal, vol. 26, no. 5, p. 336–354, 2005
J. Liedtka, "Strategic thinking: Can it be taught?," Long Range Planning, vol. 31, no. 1, p. 120–129, 1998
A. Obiedy and F. Qadoorie, "Strategy of choosing and developing higher administrative leadership," Doctoral Dissertation, pp. Al-mustansiriya University, 1998
J. Liedtka, "Strategic Thinking: Can it be Taught?," Long Range Planning, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 120-29, 1998
P. Senge, The fifth discipline, Sydney: Random House, 1990
B.-J. Moon, "Antecedents and outcomes of strategic thinking," Journal of Business Research, vol. 66, no. 10, p. 1698–1708, 2013
J. Liedtka and J. Rosenblum, "Shaping conversations: Making strategy, management change," California Management Review, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 141-157, 1998
R. Boland, "Sense-making of accounting data as a technique of organizational diagnosis," Management Science, vol. 30, no. 1, p. 868–882, 1984
J. Collins and J. Porras, Built to last: successful habits of visionary companies, New York, USA: Harper Business, 1994
K. Weick, Sensemaking in organizations, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995
T. Amabile, "How to kill creativity," Harvard Business Review, no. 5, p. 77–87, 1998
E. De Bono, Serious creativity, London: Century Business. Harpercollins Pub, 1996
I. Bonn, "Improving strategic thinking: A multilevel approach," Leadership and Organization Development Journal, vol. 26, no. 5, p. 336–354, 2005
R. Neustadt and E. May, Thinking in Time: The Uses of History for Decision-Makers, New York: Free Press, 1986
L. Jelenc, The impact of strategic management schools and strategic thinking on the performance of Croatian entrepreneurship practice, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.: PhD dissertation. Faculty of Economics, 2008
P. Senge, La Quinta Disciplina. Cómo impulsar el aprendizaje en la organización inteligente, Barcelona, España: S.A. Ediciones Granica, 1999
R. Stacey, "Emerging strategies for a chaotic environment," Long Range Planning, vol. 29, no. 1, p. 182–189, 1996
M. Nippa, U. Pidun and H. & Rubner, "Corporate portfolio management: Appraising four decades of academic research.," Academy of Management Perspectives, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 50-67, 2011
T. Davies, T. Boczko and C. Chen, Strategic Corporate Finance, London: McGraw-Hill Education, 2008
J. Davis, K. Eisenhardt and C. Bingham, "timal Structure, Market Dynamism, and the Strategy of Simple Rules," Administrative Science Quarterly, pp. 413-452, 2009
F. Hernández, C. Fernández and P. Batista, Metodología de la Investigación, Mexico: McGraw-HIll/Interamericana Editores S.A., 2010
R. Bisquerra, Métodos de Investigación Educativa.Guía Práctica, Barcelona: CEAC, 1989
S. Abraham, "Stretching strategic thinking," Strategic & Lieadership, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 5-12, 2005.
L. Peñafiel, "Migración venezolana un problema para lationamérica? un anáisis a través de la historia y sus determinantes," Gestiones Económicas, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 1-28, 2020
F. Pistamaro and H. Gehring, Retos y Oportundades de la movilidad humana venezolana en la construcción de una politica migratoria colombiana, Bogotá: Opciones Gráfias Editores Ltda., 2018
M. Puerta, "Venezuela: The Decline of a Democracy," Valencia College, pp. 2-10, 2018
Departamento Nacional de Estadísticas - DANE, "ncuesta anual manufacturera 2016. Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadíticas," 01 03 2019. [En línea]. Disponible en:https://formularios.dane.gov.co/Anda_4_1/index.php/catalog/493/related_materials
J. Sanchez, J. González y W. Avendaño, El clúster Cerámico. Apuesta de desarrollo Económico de Norte de Santander, Bogotá: Ecoe Ediciones Limitada, 2019
"Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísticas - DANE," 01 09 2006. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://www.dane.gov.co/files/icer/2005/norte_santan/norte_santander_II05.pdf
J. González-Mendoza y M. Sierra, "Frontera Colombia-Venezuela: redes de gobernanza y cooperación transfronteriza," Estudios Migratorios Latinoamericanos, vol. 83, pp. 4-25, 2018
"Cámara de Comercio de Cúcuta," 01 10 2018. [En línea]. Disponible en:http://www.datacucuta.com/images/100empresas2015.pdf
J. Sanchez, R. Ramírez y J. González, La Industria de los chircales artesalanes del Área Metropolitana de Cucuta, Bogotá: Ecode Ediciones, 2019
L. Pineda, D. López y R. Díaz, "Primer Informe: Diseño del mapa de los componentes del clúster alrededor de su cadena productiva," Qubit Clúster Technology Based Consortium, Bogotá D.C., 2007
D. López y L. Pineda, "Tercer Informe: Factores que Generan Ventaja Competitiva. "Estrategia para la conformación del clúster y plan estratégico para la cadena productiva de la cerámica en Cúcuta"," Qubit Cluster Technology Based Consortium, Bogotá D.C., 2007b
D. López y L. Pineda, "Cuarto Informe: Plan Estratégico Clúster Industria de la Cerámica en Norte de Santander. Estrategia para la conformación del clúster y plan estratégico para la cadena cerámica en Cúcuta," Qubit Cluster Technology Based Consortium, Bogotá D.C., 2007c
A. Sarabia, J. Sánchez y J. González, "Retos y tendencias del sector cerámico artesanal de Cúcuta y su área metropolitana," Respuestas, vol. 25, no. S1, pp. 67-79, 2020
D. Lal, C. Pitt and A. Beloucif, "Restructuring in European telecommunications: Modeling the evolving market," European Business Review, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 152-158, 2013
F. Cascio, "Strategies for responsible restructuring," Academy of Management Executive, vol. 16, pp. 80-91, 2012
El sector cerámico Norte de Santander se encuentra ubicado en seis municipios en la frontera colombo venezolana y tradicionalmente su mercado estaba dirigido a clientes venezolanos, debido a su cercanía, facilidad de transporte y ventaja en el cambio de divisa. Sin embargo, por diferencias en los sistemas políticos y económicos de los dos países la frontera fue cerrada en el 2015 y el mercado tradicional del sector desapareció. El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar las formas de reorganización gerencial que ha tenido el sector cerámico de Norte de Santander, frente a la crisis de cierre de frontera. El método de estudio es positivista y la información se recabó de 49 organizaciones del sector. Los principales hallazgos señalan que las organizaciones estudiadas, realizaron acciones de reorganización gerencial tales, modificar el portafolio de productos, invertir en otros negocios relacionados o no con la empresa, modificar la forma y tamaño de la planta de personal y reestructurar la gobernabilidad y funcionamiento de la compañía.
J. Sarabia-Guarin, J. Sanchez-Molina y J. González-Mendoza, "Retos y tendencias del sector cerámico artesanal de Cúcuta y su área metropolitana," Respuestas, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 67-79, 2020
M. Belandria, "Frontera cerrada. Consecuencias y perspectivas," Aldea Mundo, vol. 21, no. 42, pp. 77-84, 2016
R. Linares, "Seguridad y politica fronteriza: una mirada a la situación de frontera entre Venezuela y Colombia," Revista Opera, vol. 21, pp. 135-156, 2019
M. Ardila, J. Lozano y M. Quintero, "Dinámicas, vulnerabilidades y prospectiva de la frontera colombo-venezolana," Íconos. Revista de Ciencias Sociales, vol. 70, pp. 37-57, 2021
S. Gilson, Creating Value Though Corporate Restructuring. Case Studies in Bankruptcies, Buyouts, and Breakups, New Jersey.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, 2010
J. González, J. Sánchez y M. Cárdenas, Pensamiento estratégico y reconversión productiva, Bogotá: Ecoe Ediciones Limitada, 2021
R. Arciniega, "Reestructuración productiva de la industria automotriz en el Estado de México 1994-2016," Iztapalapa. Revista de ciencias sociales y humanidades, vol. 90, pp. 243-247, 2021
P. Hane, "How well will restructure to create to separate companies," Information, pp. 1-6, 2012
E. Bowman and H. Singh, "When does restructuring improve performance?," California Management Review, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 34-54, 2013
R. Kanter, When Giants Learn to Dance. Mastering the Challenges of Strategy, Management, and Careers in the 1990s., London, New York: Routledge, 1989
L. Bebchuk, "new approach to corporate reorganizations," Harvard Law Review, vol. 101, no. 4, pp. 775-804, 1998
T. Hoshi, A. Kashyap and D. Scharfstein, "The role of banks in reducing the costs of financial distress in Japan," Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 27, pp. 67-88, 1990
M. Alderson and B. Betker, "Liquidation costs and capital structure," Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 39, pp. 45-49, 1995
Z. Fluck and A. Lynch, "Why do firms merge and then divest? A theory of financial synergy," Journal of Business, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 319-346, 1999
D. Bergh, "Product-Market Uncertainty, Portfolio Restructuring, and Performance: An Information-Processing and Resource Based View," Journal of Management,, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 135-155, 1998
R. Hoskisson, A. Cannella, l. Tihanyi and R. Faraci, "Asset Restructuring and Business Group Affiliation in French Civil Law Countries," Strategic Management Journal, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 525-539, 2004
E. Bowman, H. Singh, M. Useem and R. Bhadury, "When Does Restructuring Improve Economic Performance?," California Management Review, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 32-54, 1999
S. Pathak, R. Hoskisson and R. Johnson, "Settling up in CEO compensation: The impact of divestiture intensity and contextual factors in refocusing firms.," Strategic Management Journal,, vol. 38, no. *, pp. 1124-1143, 2014
Z. Wu and A. Delios, "The emergence of portfolio restructuring in Japan," Management International Review,, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 313-335, 2009
C. Park and S. Kim, "Corporate governance, regulatory changes, and corporate restructuring in Korea," Journal of World Business, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 1993-2004, 2008
G. Baker, "Beatrice: A study in the Creation and Destruction of Value," The Journal of Finance, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 1081-1119, 1992
R. Dewitt, "Firm, Industry and Strategy Influences on Choice of Downsizing Approach," Strategic Management Journal,, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 59-79, 1998
Markides, "The Economic Characteristics of De-Diversifying Firms," British Journal of Management, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 91-100, 1992
T. Davies, T. Boczko and J. Chen, Strategic Corporate Finance, London: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2008
T. Laryea, "Approaches to Corporate Debt Restructuring in the Wake of Financial Crises," International monetary Fund, Staff Position Note, 2010
P. Gibbs, "Determinants of corporate restructuring: The relative importance of corporate governance, takeover threat, and free cash flow," Strategic Management Journal, vol. 14, no. 51, pp. 51-68, 1993
S. Chatterjee, U. Dhillon and G. Ramírez, "Resolution of financial distress: Debt restructurings via Chapter 11, prepackaged bankruptcies, and workouts," Financial Management, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 5-18, 1996
Cámara de Comercio de Cúcuta, "Informe de Gestión 2017," 2018. [En línea]. Disponible en: http://www.cccucuta.org.co/media/transparencia_2017/informe_de_gestion_2017.pdf.
E. Bowman and H. Singh, "Corporate Restructuring:," Strategic Management Journal,, no. 14, pp. 5-14, 1993
R. Moyer, J. McGuigan and W. Kretlow, Contemporary Financial Management, Thomson Southwestern,: Contemporary Financial Management,, 1998
D. Audretsch, M. Carree, A. Van Stel and R. Thurik, "Impeded industrial restructuring: The growth penalt," Kyklos, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 81-98, 2002
C. Tomadomi, L. Búffalo and N. Berti, "Lógicas de configuración industrial: una propuesta teórico-metodológica de análisis.," 2009
G. Dess, T. Lumpkin and A. Eisner, Administración estratégica: Textos y casos, México D.F.: McGraw-Hill., 2011
S. Schonhaar, M. Nippa and U. Pidun, "From patchwork to theory development: Mapping and advancing research about business portfolio restructuring," Management Review Quarterly, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 157-200, 2014
R. Longoria, H. Cantú and d. Ruiz, Pensamiento creativo, México: Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 2006
J. Dewey, Cómo Pensamos. Nueva exposición de la relación entre el pensamiento reflexivo y proceso educativo, Barcelona: PAIDÓS, 1989
I. Bonn, "Improving strategic thinking: A multilevel approach," Leadership and Organization Development Journal, vol. 26, no. 5, p. 336–354, 2005
J. Liedtka, "Strategic thinking: Can it be taught?," Long Range Planning, vol. 31, no. 1, p. 120–129, 1998
A. Obiedy and F. Qadoorie, "Strategy of choosing and developing higher administrative leadership," Doctoral Dissertation, pp. Al-mustansiriya University, 1998
J. Liedtka, "Strategic Thinking: Can it be Taught?," Long Range Planning, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 120-29, 1998
P. Senge, The fifth discipline, Sydney: Random House, 1990
B.-J. Moon, "Antecedents and outcomes of strategic thinking," Journal of Business Research, vol. 66, no. 10, p. 1698–1708, 2013
J. Liedtka and J. Rosenblum, "Shaping conversations: Making strategy, management change," California Management Review, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 141-157, 1998
R. Boland, "Sense-making of accounting data as a technique of organizational diagnosis," Management Science, vol. 30, no. 1, p. 868–882, 1984
J. Collins and J. Porras, Built to last: successful habits of visionary companies, New York, USA: Harper Business, 1994
K. Weick, Sensemaking in organizations, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995
T. Amabile, "How to kill creativity," Harvard Business Review, no. 5, p. 77–87, 1998
E. De Bono, Serious creativity, London: Century Business. Harpercollins Pub, 1996
I. Bonn, "Improving strategic thinking: A multilevel approach," Leadership and Organization Development Journal, vol. 26, no. 5, p. 336–354, 2005
R. Neustadt and E. May, Thinking in Time: The Uses of History for Decision-Makers, New York: Free Press, 1986
L. Jelenc, The impact of strategic management schools and strategic thinking on the performance of Croatian entrepreneurship practice, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.: PhD dissertation. Faculty of Economics, 2008
P. Senge, La Quinta Disciplina. Cómo impulsar el aprendizaje en la organización inteligente, Barcelona, España: S.A. Ediciones Granica, 1999
R. Stacey, "Emerging strategies for a chaotic environment," Long Range Planning, vol. 29, no. 1, p. 182–189, 1996
M. Nippa, U. Pidun and H. & Rubner, "Corporate portfolio management: Appraising four decades of academic research.," Academy of Management Perspectives, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 50-67, 2011
T. Davies, T. Boczko and C. Chen, Strategic Corporate Finance, London: McGraw-Hill Education, 2008
J. Davis, K. Eisenhardt and C. Bingham, "timal Structure, Market Dynamism, and the Strategy of Simple Rules," Administrative Science Quarterly, pp. 413-452, 2009
F. Hernández, C. Fernández and P. Batista, Metodología de la Investigación, Mexico: McGraw-HIll/Interamericana Editores S.A., 2010
R. Bisquerra, Métodos de Investigación Educativa.Guía Práctica, Barcelona: CEAC, 1989
S. Abraham, "Stretching strategic thinking," Strategic & Lieadership, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 5-12, 2005.
L. Peñafiel, "Migración venezolana un problema para lationamérica? un anáisis a través de la historia y sus determinantes," Gestiones Económicas, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 1-28, 2020
F. Pistamaro and H. Gehring, Retos y Oportundades de la movilidad humana venezolana en la construcción de una politica migratoria colombiana, Bogotá: Opciones Gráfias Editores Ltda., 2018
M. Puerta, "Venezuela: The Decline of a Democracy," Valencia College, pp. 2-10, 2018
Departamento Nacional de Estadísticas - DANE, "ncuesta anual manufacturera 2016. Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadíticas," 01 03 2019. [En línea]. Disponible en:https://formularios.dane.gov.co/Anda_4_1/index.php/catalog/493/related_materials
J. Sanchez, J. González y W. Avendaño, El clúster Cerámico. Apuesta de desarrollo Económico de Norte de Santander, Bogotá: Ecoe Ediciones Limitada, 2019
"Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísticas - DANE," 01 09 2006. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://www.dane.gov.co/files/icer/2005/norte_santan/norte_santander_II05.pdf
J. González-Mendoza y M. Sierra, "Frontera Colombia-Venezuela: redes de gobernanza y cooperación transfronteriza," Estudios Migratorios Latinoamericanos, vol. 83, pp. 4-25, 2018
"Cámara de Comercio de Cúcuta," 01 10 2018. [En línea]. Disponible en:http://www.datacucuta.com/images/100empresas2015.pdf
J. Sanchez, R. Ramírez y J. González, La Industria de los chircales artesalanes del Área Metropolitana de Cucuta, Bogotá: Ecode Ediciones, 2019
L. Pineda, D. López y R. Díaz, "Primer Informe: Diseño del mapa de los componentes del clúster alrededor de su cadena productiva," Qubit Clúster Technology Based Consortium, Bogotá D.C., 2007
D. López y L. Pineda, "Tercer Informe: Factores que Generan Ventaja Competitiva. "Estrategia para la conformación del clúster y plan estratégico para la cadena productiva de la cerámica en Cúcuta"," Qubit Cluster Technology Based Consortium, Bogotá D.C., 2007b
D. López y L. Pineda, "Cuarto Informe: Plan Estratégico Clúster Industria de la Cerámica en Norte de Santander. Estrategia para la conformación del clúster y plan estratégico para la cadena cerámica en Cúcuta," Qubit Cluster Technology Based Consortium, Bogotá D.C., 2007c
A. Sarabia, J. Sánchez y J. González, "Retos y tendencias del sector cerámico artesanal de Cúcuta y su área metropolitana," Respuestas, vol. 25, no. S1, pp. 67-79, 2020
D. Lal, C. Pitt and A. Beloucif, "Restructuring in European telecommunications: Modeling the evolving market," European Business Review, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 152-158, 2013
F. Cascio, "Strategies for responsible restructuring," Academy of Management Executive, vol. 16, pp. 80-91, 2012
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