Pestel analysis in the current context of thermal lubricants in Latin America
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technological, ecological, legal, lubricants, pestel analysis, political, economic, social
The goals of this research is focused on performing a PESTEL analysis of the use of lubricants in thermal engines in Latin America. It is necessary to identify the base information to complete each one of the factors that are evaluated in this type of research and following a methodology that is proposed for the step by step. In this document we will find the approach and formulation of the prob-lem, which will allow us to propose the basis of the problem we wish to analyze. Subsequently, the objectives are determined, both general and specific, allowing us to identify which are the points of the problem to be solved by this research. After defining the objectives to be fulfilled, the main reasons that justify the present research are analyzed, determining the bases that give rise to and guide where the research should be directed to build new information that will allow the devel-opment of future research in this field. In order to solve the needs of the project, it is necessary to use a methodology that summarizes the sequence that must be followed in the research, determining how the information to be used will be ob-tained and how the PESTEL analysis will be developed later on. Finally, the ex-ecution schedule of this research and the deliverables that will be obtained at the end of this project are determined.
K. Mollenhauer, H. Tschoke, Handbook of diesel engines, Berlín: Springer, 2010
I. Madanhire, C. Mbohwa, Mitigating environmental impact of petroleum lubricants, Berlín: Springer, 2016
Environment Agency and Department for Environment Food & Rural, "Affairs Oil storage: detailed information", [Online] Available: https://www.gov.uk/topic/environmental-management/oil-storage
P. Hamblin, Environmentally compatible lubricants: trends, standards and terms, Environmentally Aceptable Lubricants, Washington: United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Wastewater Management. 2011
A. Igartua, X. Fernández-Pérez, I. Illarramendi, R. Luther, J. Rausch, M. Woydt, M. Biolubricants and triboreactive materials for automotive applications. New Advances in Vehicular Technology and Au-tomotive Engineering, Frankfurt: InTech, 2012
A.E. Fontes, W.S. Nogueira, F.A.D. Santiago, J.R. Gomes, "Process to obtain biolubricants and bio-paraffins by hydroprocessing mixtures of wax obtained from renewable resources and waxes of miner-al origin, Science [Online] Available: https://www.science.gov/topicpages/p/plants+oil+refineries. [Ac-cessed: May 18, 2020]
Vehiche Tehnologies Office US Department of Energy, "U.S. 2013 Fuel & Lubricant Technologies" [Online] Available: https://www.energy.gov/eere/vehicles/downloads/fuel-and-lubricant-technologies-rd-2013-annual-progress-report. [Accessed: October 20, 2020]
T.F. Guerin, "Environmental liability and life-cycle management of used lubricating oils". J. Hazard. Mater. vol.160, pp. 256-264, 2008. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.03.029
D. Rodríguez-Sánchez, "Evaluación de la gestión ambiental de la Empresa Cubana de Lubricantes , Santiago de Cuba", Anuario Facultad Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, vol. 11, pp. 208-231, 2020
J.C. Bart, E. Gucciardi, S. Cavallaro, "Legislation of relevance to lubricants. In Woodhead Pub-lishing Series in Energy; Woodhead Publishing, 2013; pp. 451–472 ISBN 978-0-85709-263-2
P. Bielaczyc, J. Woodburn, "Trends in automotive emission legislation: impact on LD engine de-velopment, fuels, lubricants and test methods: a global view, with a focus on WLTP and RDE regula-tions", Emission Control Science and Technology, vol. 5, pp. 86–98, 2018
P. Bielaczyc, J. Woodburn, A. Joshi, "World-wide trends in powertrain system development in light of emissions legislation, fuels, lubricants, and test methods", Combustion Engines, vol. 182, no. 1, pp.57-71, 2020
S. Tavakoli, K.M. Bagherabadi, J. Schramm, E. Pedersen, "Fuel consumption and emission reduc-tion of marine lean-burn gas engine employing a hybrid propulsion concept", International Journal of Engine Research, vol. may. 2020
X. Liang, Y. Wang, Y.H. Wangz, B. Zhao, Z. Zhang, X. Lv, Z. Wu, X. Cai, K. Wang, "Impact of lubricating base oil on diesel soot oxidation reactivity", Combustion and Flame, vol 217, pp. 77-84, 2020
S. Mann, "Ranking without valuing in the face of major uncertainty—The case of the promotion of biodegradable lubricants", Journal. Environ Manage, vol. 85, no. 1, pp. 198-203. 2007
Asociación Colombiana de Petróleo y Gas, "Consumo de combustibles crecería 16%" [Online] Available: https://acp.com.co/web2017/es/sala-de-prensa/comunicados-de-prensa/1461-consumo-de-combustibles-creceria-16-en-2020-acp. S.F
Asociación Colombiana de Petróleo y Gas, "Cuidar la economía también salva vidas". March 30,2020. [Online] Available: https://acp.com.co/web2017/es/sala-de-prensa/opinion/1285-cuidar-la-economia-tambien-salva-vidas [Accessed: December 15, 2020]
I. Zupic, T. Čater, "Bibliometric methods in management and organization", Bibliometric Methods in Management and Organization, vol. 18, no. 53, pp.429–472, 2015
M.J.E. Werner, A.P.L. Yamada, E.G. Domingos, L.R. Leite, C.R. Pereira, "Exploring Organiza-tional Resilience Through Key Performance Indicators", Journal of Industrial and Production Engi-neering, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 1-15, 2020
M. Kamalahmadi, M.M. Parast, "A review of the literature on the principles of enterprise and sup-ply chain resilience: Major findings and directions for future research". International Journal of Pro-duction Economics, vol. 171, no. 1, pp. 116–133, 2016. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.10.023
G.P. Nyaupane, G. Prayag, J. Godwyll, D. White, "Toward a resilient organization: analysis of employee skills and organization adaptive traits" Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol. 29, no. 4. pp. 658-677, 2020. doi:10.1080/09669582.2020.1822368
W. Wayne, "Measuring future resilience: a multilevel index", Corporate Governance. Vol. 21 No. 2, pp. 252-267, 2020
C.A. Lengnick-Hall, T.E. Beck, M.L. Lengnick-Hall, "Developing a capacity for organizational resilience through strategic human resource management", Human Resource Management Review, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 243-255, 2011
K. Näswall, S. Malinen, J. Kuntz, M. Hodliffe, "Employee resilience: development and validation of a measure", Journal of Managerial Psychology, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 353-367, 2019
A.V. Lee, J. Vargo, E. Seville, "Developing a tool to measure and compare organizations’ resili-ence", Natural Hazards Review, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 29-41, 2013
S. McManus, E. Seville, J. Vargo, D. Brunsdon, "Facilitated process for improving organizational resilience", Natural Hazards Review, vol. 9, no. 2. pp. 81-90, 2008
E. Seville, "Building resilience: how to have a positive impact at the organizational and individual employee level", Development and Learning in Organizations, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 15-18, 2018. doi.org/10.1108/DLO-09-2017-0076
K. Tonkin, S. Malinen, K. Näswall, J. Kuntz, "Building employee resilience through wellbeing in organizations", Hum. Resour. Dev. Q. vol. 29, pp. 107-124, 2018
M. Teng-Calleja, M.R. Hechanova, P. Rose-Sabile, A. Pearl-Virtue, P. Villasanta, "Building or-ganization and employee resilience in disaster contexts". Int. J. Work. Heal. Manag. vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 393-411, 2020. doi.org/10.1108/IJWHM-09-2019-0122
E.A. Bardoel, T.M. Pettit, H. De Cieri, L. McMillan, "Employee resilience: an emerging challenge for HRM" Asia Pacific J. Hum. Resour. vol. 52, pp. 279-297, 2014
A. Annarelli, F. Nonino, G. Palombi, "Understanding the management of cyber resilient systems" Comput. Ind. Eng. vol. 149, 106829, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2020.106829
C.M. Hall, A.M. Williams, Tourism and innovation; Routledge, 2019; ISBN 1351669389
D. Biggs, "Understanding resilience in a vulnerable industry: the case of reef tourism in Australia" Ecology and Society, vol. 16. no. 1, pp. 30-41, 2011
J. Töyli, H. Lorentz, L. Ojala, A. Wieland, C.M. Wallenburg, "The influence of relational compe-tencies on supply chain resilience: a relational view", International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 300-320, 2013. doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-08-2012-0243
H. Nils-Ole, F. Edda, H. Evi, G. Larry, "Research on the phenomenon of supply chain resilience: A systematic review and paths for further investigation", Int. J. Phys. Distrib. Logist. Manag. vol. 45, pp. 90-117, 2015. doi:10.1108/IJPDLM-05-2013-0128
S. Kirstin, S.S. Pamela, F. Brian, "Building routines for non-routine events: supply chain resilience learning mechanisms and their antecedents", Supply Chain Manag. An Int. Journal, vol. 24, pp. 430-442, 2019. doi:10.1108/SCM-05-2018-0186
W. Huang, S. Chen, L.T. Nguyen, "Corporate social responsibility and organizational resilience to COVID-19 crisis: An empirical study of Chinese firms", Sustain, vol. 12, pp. 1-19, 2020. doi:10.3390/su12218970
A. Duit, V. Galaz, K. Eckerberg, J. Ebbesson, Governance, complexity, and resilience 2010
A. Capaldo, "Network structure and innovation: The leveraging of a dual network as a distinctive relational capability", Strateg. Manag Journal, vol.28, pp. 585-608, 2007
D. Biggs, C.C. Hicks, J.E. Cinner, C.M. Hall, "Marine tourism in the face of global change: The resilience of enterprises to crises in Thailand and Australia", Ocean Coast. Manag, vol. 105, pp. 65-74, 2015
R. Espinas, R. Medina, G. Tarre, La ley y los hidrocarburos : comparación de marcos legales de América Latina y el Caribe. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, 2016
Total Energies "Normas sobre aceites" [Online] S.F. Available: https://totalenergies.com.ar/cambio-de-aceite/todo-sobre-aceites/normas-sobre-aceites. [Accessed: No-vember 28, 2020]
D.O. Málaga-Lazo, Plan estratégico de desarrollo comercial para la mejora en las ventas de la empresa de servicios de lubricación a toda prueba S.R.L. 2015 - 2017, Arequipa: Universidad Católica de Santa María, 2017
Bnamericas Agência Nacional do Petróleo, "Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis" (ANP) [Online] S.F. Available: https://www.bnamericas.com/es/perfil-empresa/agencia-nacional-do-petroleo-gas-natural-e-biocombustiveis-anp. [Accessed: October 3, 2020]
Agencia Nacional Boliviana de Hidrocarburos, "Refinación de Hidrocarburos". [Online] Availa-ble: https://www.anh.gob.bo/w2019/contenido.php?s=6 [Accessed: October 27, 2020]
Comisión Reguladora de Energía: "Precios de gasolinas y diésel reportados por los permisionario", Gobierno de México [Online] S.F. Available: https://www.cre.gob.mx/ConsultaPrecios/GasolinasyDiesel/GasolinasyDiesel.html [Accessed: Novem-ber 12, 2020]
Asociación Colombiana del Petróleos y Gas, " Cadena de valor del Downstream". June 24, 2020. [Online] Available: https://acp.com.co/web2017/es/publicaciones-e-informes/infografias-acp [Accessed: November 4, 2020]
M. Aponte-García, El nuevo regionalismo estratégico; Buenos Aires: CLACSO, 2014
C.A. McKinney, A.R. Cancino, S.A. Angeleri, N. Girvan, B.A. Rodrigues, M. Mirna, G.L. Celis, -J.L. Martínez, J.A. Byron, F. Antonio, EL ALBA-TCP: Origen y fruto del nuevo regionalismo lati-noamericano y caribeño; Buenos Aires: CLACSO, 2015
T. Muhr, Counter-globalization and Socialism in the 21st Century: The Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of our America; Londres: Routledge, 2013
L.M. Regueiro Bello. Los TLC en la perspectiva de la acumulación estadounidense: visiones desde el Mercosur y el ALBA; Buenos Aires: CLACSO, 2008
CEPAL-CEPALSTAT: "Principales Cifras de América Latina y El Caribe" S.F. [Online] Availa-ble: https://statistics.cepal.org/portal/cepalstat/index.html?lang=es [Accessed: December 10, 2020]
Banco Mundial, " Índices de precios de los productos básicos, mensuales", S.F. [Online] Availa-ble online: https://www.bancomundial.org/es/home#aCEPAL [Accessed: November 27, 2020]
N.U. CEPAL, Panorama social de America Latina 2019; México: CEPAL, 2019
P. Lee, B. Zhmud, "Low Friction Powertrains: Current Advances in Lubricants and Coatings". Lubricants, vol 9, pp. 567-583, 2020
ASTM International Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity); West Conshohocken, PA, 2019
C. Acosta Ramos, J. Franco-Zárate, "Extracción de hidrocarburos costa afuera en Colombia: pa-norama legal y retos a partir de las zonas francas costa afuera u offshore", Rev. e-mercatoria, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 57-92, 2015. doi:10.18601/16923960.v14n1.03
The goals of this research is focused on performing a PESTEL analysis of the use of lubricants in thermal engines in Latin America. It is necessary to identify the base information to complete each one of the factors that are evaluated in this type of research and following a methodology that is proposed for the step by step. In this document we will find the approach and formulation of the prob-lem, which will allow us to propose the basis of the problem we wish to analyze. Subsequently, the objectives are determined, both general and specific, allowing us to identify which are the points of the problem to be solved by this research. After defining the objectives to be fulfilled, the main reasons that justify the present research are analyzed, determining the bases that give rise to and guide where the research should be directed to build new information that will allow the devel-opment of future research in this field. In order to solve the needs of the project, it is necessary to use a methodology that summarizes the sequence that must be followed in the research, determining how the information to be used will be ob-tained and how the PESTEL analysis will be developed later on. Finally, the ex-ecution schedule of this research and the deliverables that will be obtained at the end of this project are determined.
K. Mollenhauer, H. Tschoke, Handbook of diesel engines, Berlín: Springer, 2010
I. Madanhire, C. Mbohwa, Mitigating environmental impact of petroleum lubricants, Berlín: Springer, 2016
Environment Agency and Department for Environment Food & Rural, "Affairs Oil storage: detailed information", [Online] Available: https://www.gov.uk/topic/environmental-management/oil-storage
P. Hamblin, Environmentally compatible lubricants: trends, standards and terms, Environmentally Aceptable Lubricants, Washington: United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Wastewater Management. 2011
A. Igartua, X. Fernández-Pérez, I. Illarramendi, R. Luther, J. Rausch, M. Woydt, M. Biolubricants and triboreactive materials for automotive applications. New Advances in Vehicular Technology and Au-tomotive Engineering, Frankfurt: InTech, 2012
A.E. Fontes, W.S. Nogueira, F.A.D. Santiago, J.R. Gomes, "Process to obtain biolubricants and bio-paraffins by hydroprocessing mixtures of wax obtained from renewable resources and waxes of miner-al origin, Science [Online] Available: https://www.science.gov/topicpages/p/plants+oil+refineries. [Ac-cessed: May 18, 2020]
Vehiche Tehnologies Office US Department of Energy, "U.S. 2013 Fuel & Lubricant Technologies" [Online] Available: https://www.energy.gov/eere/vehicles/downloads/fuel-and-lubricant-technologies-rd-2013-annual-progress-report. [Accessed: October 20, 2020]
T.F. Guerin, "Environmental liability and life-cycle management of used lubricating oils". J. Hazard. Mater. vol.160, pp. 256-264, 2008. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.03.029
D. Rodríguez-Sánchez, "Evaluación de la gestión ambiental de la Empresa Cubana de Lubricantes , Santiago de Cuba", Anuario Facultad Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, vol. 11, pp. 208-231, 2020
J.C. Bart, E. Gucciardi, S. Cavallaro, "Legislation of relevance to lubricants. In Woodhead Pub-lishing Series in Energy; Woodhead Publishing, 2013; pp. 451–472 ISBN 978-0-85709-263-2
P. Bielaczyc, J. Woodburn, "Trends in automotive emission legislation: impact on LD engine de-velopment, fuels, lubricants and test methods: a global view, with a focus on WLTP and RDE regula-tions", Emission Control Science and Technology, vol. 5, pp. 86–98, 2018
P. Bielaczyc, J. Woodburn, A. Joshi, "World-wide trends in powertrain system development in light of emissions legislation, fuels, lubricants, and test methods", Combustion Engines, vol. 182, no. 1, pp.57-71, 2020
S. Tavakoli, K.M. Bagherabadi, J. Schramm, E. Pedersen, "Fuel consumption and emission reduc-tion of marine lean-burn gas engine employing a hybrid propulsion concept", International Journal of Engine Research, vol. may. 2020
X. Liang, Y. Wang, Y.H. Wangz, B. Zhao, Z. Zhang, X. Lv, Z. Wu, X. Cai, K. Wang, "Impact of lubricating base oil on diesel soot oxidation reactivity", Combustion and Flame, vol 217, pp. 77-84, 2020
S. Mann, "Ranking without valuing in the face of major uncertainty—The case of the promotion of biodegradable lubricants", Journal. Environ Manage, vol. 85, no. 1, pp. 198-203. 2007
Asociación Colombiana de Petróleo y Gas, "Consumo de combustibles crecería 16%" [Online] Available: https://acp.com.co/web2017/es/sala-de-prensa/comunicados-de-prensa/1461-consumo-de-combustibles-creceria-16-en-2020-acp. S.F
Asociación Colombiana de Petróleo y Gas, "Cuidar la economía también salva vidas". March 30,2020. [Online] Available: https://acp.com.co/web2017/es/sala-de-prensa/opinion/1285-cuidar-la-economia-tambien-salva-vidas [Accessed: December 15, 2020]
I. Zupic, T. Čater, "Bibliometric methods in management and organization", Bibliometric Methods in Management and Organization, vol. 18, no. 53, pp.429–472, 2015
M.J.E. Werner, A.P.L. Yamada, E.G. Domingos, L.R. Leite, C.R. Pereira, "Exploring Organiza-tional Resilience Through Key Performance Indicators", Journal of Industrial and Production Engi-neering, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 1-15, 2020
M. Kamalahmadi, M.M. Parast, "A review of the literature on the principles of enterprise and sup-ply chain resilience: Major findings and directions for future research". International Journal of Pro-duction Economics, vol. 171, no. 1, pp. 116–133, 2016. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.10.023
G.P. Nyaupane, G. Prayag, J. Godwyll, D. White, "Toward a resilient organization: analysis of employee skills and organization adaptive traits" Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol. 29, no. 4. pp. 658-677, 2020. doi:10.1080/09669582.2020.1822368
W. Wayne, "Measuring future resilience: a multilevel index", Corporate Governance. Vol. 21 No. 2, pp. 252-267, 2020
C.A. Lengnick-Hall, T.E. Beck, M.L. Lengnick-Hall, "Developing a capacity for organizational resilience through strategic human resource management", Human Resource Management Review, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 243-255, 2011
K. Näswall, S. Malinen, J. Kuntz, M. Hodliffe, "Employee resilience: development and validation of a measure", Journal of Managerial Psychology, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 353-367, 2019
A.V. Lee, J. Vargo, E. Seville, "Developing a tool to measure and compare organizations’ resili-ence", Natural Hazards Review, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 29-41, 2013
S. McManus, E. Seville, J. Vargo, D. Brunsdon, "Facilitated process for improving organizational resilience", Natural Hazards Review, vol. 9, no. 2. pp. 81-90, 2008
E. Seville, "Building resilience: how to have a positive impact at the organizational and individual employee level", Development and Learning in Organizations, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 15-18, 2018. doi.org/10.1108/DLO-09-2017-0076
K. Tonkin, S. Malinen, K. Näswall, J. Kuntz, "Building employee resilience through wellbeing in organizations", Hum. Resour. Dev. Q. vol. 29, pp. 107-124, 2018
M. Teng-Calleja, M.R. Hechanova, P. Rose-Sabile, A. Pearl-Virtue, P. Villasanta, "Building or-ganization and employee resilience in disaster contexts". Int. J. Work. Heal. Manag. vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 393-411, 2020. doi.org/10.1108/IJWHM-09-2019-0122
E.A. Bardoel, T.M. Pettit, H. De Cieri, L. McMillan, "Employee resilience: an emerging challenge for HRM" Asia Pacific J. Hum. Resour. vol. 52, pp. 279-297, 2014
A. Annarelli, F. Nonino, G. Palombi, "Understanding the management of cyber resilient systems" Comput. Ind. Eng. vol. 149, 106829, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2020.106829
C.M. Hall, A.M. Williams, Tourism and innovation; Routledge, 2019; ISBN 1351669389
D. Biggs, "Understanding resilience in a vulnerable industry: the case of reef tourism in Australia" Ecology and Society, vol. 16. no. 1, pp. 30-41, 2011
J. Töyli, H. Lorentz, L. Ojala, A. Wieland, C.M. Wallenburg, "The influence of relational compe-tencies on supply chain resilience: a relational view", International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 300-320, 2013. doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-08-2012-0243
H. Nils-Ole, F. Edda, H. Evi, G. Larry, "Research on the phenomenon of supply chain resilience: A systematic review and paths for further investigation", Int. J. Phys. Distrib. Logist. Manag. vol. 45, pp. 90-117, 2015. doi:10.1108/IJPDLM-05-2013-0128
S. Kirstin, S.S. Pamela, F. Brian, "Building routines for non-routine events: supply chain resilience learning mechanisms and their antecedents", Supply Chain Manag. An Int. Journal, vol. 24, pp. 430-442, 2019. doi:10.1108/SCM-05-2018-0186
W. Huang, S. Chen, L.T. Nguyen, "Corporate social responsibility and organizational resilience to COVID-19 crisis: An empirical study of Chinese firms", Sustain, vol. 12, pp. 1-19, 2020. doi:10.3390/su12218970
A. Duit, V. Galaz, K. Eckerberg, J. Ebbesson, Governance, complexity, and resilience 2010
A. Capaldo, "Network structure and innovation: The leveraging of a dual network as a distinctive relational capability", Strateg. Manag Journal, vol.28, pp. 585-608, 2007
D. Biggs, C.C. Hicks, J.E. Cinner, C.M. Hall, "Marine tourism in the face of global change: The resilience of enterprises to crises in Thailand and Australia", Ocean Coast. Manag, vol. 105, pp. 65-74, 2015
R. Espinas, R. Medina, G. Tarre, La ley y los hidrocarburos : comparación de marcos legales de América Latina y el Caribe. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, 2016
Total Energies "Normas sobre aceites" [Online] S.F. Available: https://totalenergies.com.ar/cambio-de-aceite/todo-sobre-aceites/normas-sobre-aceites. [Accessed: No-vember 28, 2020]
D.O. Málaga-Lazo, Plan estratégico de desarrollo comercial para la mejora en las ventas de la empresa de servicios de lubricación a toda prueba S.R.L. 2015 - 2017, Arequipa: Universidad Católica de Santa María, 2017
Bnamericas Agência Nacional do Petróleo, "Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis" (ANP) [Online] S.F. Available: https://www.bnamericas.com/es/perfil-empresa/agencia-nacional-do-petroleo-gas-natural-e-biocombustiveis-anp. [Accessed: October 3, 2020]
Agencia Nacional Boliviana de Hidrocarburos, "Refinación de Hidrocarburos". [Online] Availa-ble: https://www.anh.gob.bo/w2019/contenido.php?s=6 [Accessed: October 27, 2020]
Comisión Reguladora de Energía: "Precios de gasolinas y diésel reportados por los permisionario", Gobierno de México [Online] S.F. Available: https://www.cre.gob.mx/ConsultaPrecios/GasolinasyDiesel/GasolinasyDiesel.html [Accessed: Novem-ber 12, 2020]
Asociación Colombiana del Petróleos y Gas, " Cadena de valor del Downstream". June 24, 2020. [Online] Available: https://acp.com.co/web2017/es/publicaciones-e-informes/infografias-acp [Accessed: November 4, 2020]
M. Aponte-García, El nuevo regionalismo estratégico; Buenos Aires: CLACSO, 2014
C.A. McKinney, A.R. Cancino, S.A. Angeleri, N. Girvan, B.A. Rodrigues, M. Mirna, G.L. Celis, -J.L. Martínez, J.A. Byron, F. Antonio, EL ALBA-TCP: Origen y fruto del nuevo regionalismo lati-noamericano y caribeño; Buenos Aires: CLACSO, 2015
T. Muhr, Counter-globalization and Socialism in the 21st Century: The Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of our America; Londres: Routledge, 2013
L.M. Regueiro Bello. Los TLC en la perspectiva de la acumulación estadounidense: visiones desde el Mercosur y el ALBA; Buenos Aires: CLACSO, 2008
CEPAL-CEPALSTAT: "Principales Cifras de América Latina y El Caribe" S.F. [Online] Availa-ble: https://statistics.cepal.org/portal/cepalstat/index.html?lang=es [Accessed: December 10, 2020]
Banco Mundial, " Índices de precios de los productos básicos, mensuales", S.F. [Online] Availa-ble online: https://www.bancomundial.org/es/home#aCEPAL [Accessed: November 27, 2020]
N.U. CEPAL, Panorama social de America Latina 2019; México: CEPAL, 2019
P. Lee, B. Zhmud, "Low Friction Powertrains: Current Advances in Lubricants and Coatings". Lubricants, vol 9, pp. 567-583, 2020
ASTM International Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity); West Conshohocken, PA, 2019
C. Acosta Ramos, J. Franco-Zárate, "Extracción de hidrocarburos costa afuera en Colombia: pa-norama legal y retos a partir de las zonas francas costa afuera u offshore", Rev. e-mercatoria, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 57-92, 2015. doi:10.18601/16923960.v14n1.03