The textile industry is a fundamental sector for economic and social development, both globally and nationally. However, its production processes generate working conditions that expose workers to multiple ergonomic, physical, and environmental risks. This article analyzes, through qualitative documentary research supplemented by semi-structured interviews, the main ergonomic risks and occupational diseases faced by textile workers in Colombia, especially in the Cúcuta region. The methodology employed allowed for the identification of factors associated with repetitive movements, awkward postures, confined spaces, poor ventilation, inadequate lighting, and exposure to textile particles. The results show that musculoskeletal disorders, lower back pain, fatigue, respiratory problems, and allergic symptoms are the most frequent pathologies, particularly in cutting, sewing, and pattern-making areas. The interviews conducted reinforce this problem, revealing experiences of operators who describe discomfort in their spine, knees, and back, as well as respiratory symptoms resulting from inadequate working conditions. Furthermore, it was identified that the lack of ergonomic interventions, the absence of respiratory protection equipment, and inadequate workplace design increase the likelihood of developing occupational diseases. The findings confirm that ergonomic risks directly impact the health, productivity, and quality of life of workers. Finally, the study proposes the implementation of preventive strategies such as the anthropometric adjustment of tables and chairs, improvements in ventilation and lighting, active breaks, the use of face masks, and the reorganization of work areas, in order to reduce the incidence of illnesses and optimize working conditions in the textile industry in Colombia.