Avances en estrategias de control de motores en vehículos eléctricos: revisión sistemática 2021-2025 y análisis comparativo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61799/2216-0388.2030Palabras clave:
accionamiento eléctrico, convertidor de potencia, estrategias de control, motor de inducción, movilidad eléctrica, semiconductoresResumen
La movilidad eléctrica ha impulsado el desarrollo de motores eléctricos más eficientes y confiables para aplicaciones vehiculares. En este contexto, tecnologías como el motor de inducción, el motor síncrono de imanes permanentes y el motor sin escobillas de corriente continua han evolucionado junto con nuevas estrategias de control y convertidores de potencia. Sin embargo, persisten desafíos asociados a variaciones de carga, condiciones dinámicas exigentes y requerimientos de eficiencia energética. Analizar de manera sistemática los avances recientes en estrategias de control aplicadas a motores eléctricos en vehículos eléctricos durante el periodo 2021-2025, identificando tendencias, ventajas comparativas y brechas de investigación. Se realiza una revisión sistemática exhaustiva de literatura en la base de datos Scopus, siguiendo la metodología Prisma. Se efectúa un análisis bibliométrico inicial y posteriormente una evaluación comparativa cualitativa y cuantitativa de ciento cincuenta estudios seleccionados, considerando criterios de desempeño, complejidad de implementación, eficiencia y adaptabilidad a condiciones dinámicas.
Resultados: Los resultados evidencian que el control vectorial se mantiene como la técnica más equilibrada entre precisión, eficiencia y viabilidad industrial. Las estrategias predictivas, inteligentes e híbridas muestran mayor desempeño dinámico y eficiencia energética, aunque presentan mayores costos y complejidad. El desempeño global depende de la integración efectiva entre motor, convertidor de potencia y sistema de control, así como del uso de nuevos materiales semiconductores. La evolución conjunta de motores, convertidores y estrategias de control es determinante para optimizar la movilidad eléctrica. Las técnicas avanzadas representan el futuro del sector, aunque su adopción masiva requiere reducir costos y complejidad computacional.
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