Review of Communication Protocols Applied to Coal Mining: Limitations, Trends, and Innovations for Critical Environments
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61799/2216-0388.1799Keywords:
Industrial communication, Technological innovation, Underground mining, Coal mines, Communication protocols, Technological trendsAbstract
Currently, industrial communication systems play a fundamental role in the efficiency and safety of mining processes, especially in underground environments such as coal mines, where conditions are complex. The objective of this article is to analyze the main limitations, trends, and innovations in industrial communication protocols applied to coal mining. The methodology consisted of a systematic literature review of articles published between 2019 and 2025, mainly obtained from the Scopus database. The articles were qualitatively analyzed to identify trends, emerging technologies, common challenges, and proposed solutions applied in the mining context. The results show a trend toward the use of systems such as Zigbee, as well as robust Wi-Fi networks. On the other hand, new technologies such as 5G networks and the use of the ESP32 microcontroller with its ESP-NOW protocol are being tested as cost-effective alternatives. Likewise, the trend towards solutions based on the Internet of Things (IoT) and malla networks adapted to underground tunnels is highlighted. It is concluded that the evolution of industrial communication protocols represents an opportunity to strengthen safety, optimize mining operations, and advance towards safer and smarter mining
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