Estado del arte sobre el modelado dinámico 6-dof, control y telemetría de cohetes sonda para la medición de aerosoles troposféricos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61799/2216-0388.2130Palabras clave:
Álgebra de cuaterniones, cohetes sonda, control GNC, desvanecimiento de Rice, Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL), material particulado fino, modelado 6-DOF, perfilometría vertical, telemetría robusta.Resumen
Los sistemas actuales de control de calidad del aire basados en estaciones terrestres resultan limitados para caracterizar la distribución vertical del material particulado fino, especialmente en regiones con topografía montañosa. Por tanto, el objetivo de este estudio es analizar el estado actual de los cohetes sonda como plataformas tecnológicas para la obtención de perfiles atmosféricos verticales. Mediante una revisión bibliográfica centrada en arquitecturas de simulación de vuelo, sistemas de navegación, técnicas de telemetría y protocolos de validación, se identifican las metodologías necesarias para garantizar la integridad de los datos. Los resultados demuestran que la adopción de modelos matemáticos avanzados y sistemas de comunicación resilientes es fundamental para asegurar mediciones confiables durante el vuelo a velocidades superiores a la del sonido. En conclusión, el uso de cohetes sonda constituye una herramienta eficaz que supera las deficiencias de los métodos convencionales, proporcionando información crítica para fortalecer la formulación de políticas públicas de salud y el desarrollo de sistemas de alertas tempranas.
Descargas
Referencias
[1] D. Marín, V. Herrera y J. G. Piñeros-Jiménez, "Long-term exposure to PM2.5 and cardiorespiratory mortality: an ecological small-area study in five cities in Colombia", SciELO Public Health, 2025. [Online]. Disponible en: https://www.scielosp.org/article/csp/2025.v41n4/e00071024/en
[2] D. Becerra, L. F. Ramírez, M. V. Niño, C. H. Oviedo y L. F. Plaza, "Relación entre la calidad del aire y la incidencia de enfermedades respiratorias en el municipio de San José de Cúcuta, Norte de Santander", scielo.org.co, 2021. [Online]. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S0123-30332021000200202&script=sci_arttext
[3] PG DE LA OPERACIÓN, & CDELATP EL, "Plan general coberturas de la tierra", Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales, ideam.gov.co. [Online]. Disponible en: https://ideam.gov.co/sites/default/files/mapa-de-procesos/gci-ctpg01_plan_general_coberturas_de_la_tierra_0.pdf
[4] R. Thalman, "Development and testing of a rocket-based sensor for atmospheric sensing using an unmanned aerial system", MDPI, 2024. [Online]. Disponible en: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/6/1768
[5] R. H. Goddard, "The possibilities of the rocket in weather forecasting", pnas.org, 1920. [Online]. Disponible en: https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.6.8.493
[6] "Origins, Worlds, and Life: A Decadal Strategy for Planetary Science and Astrobiology 2023-2032", The National Academies Press. [Online]. Disponible en: https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26522/origins-worlds-and-life-a-decadal-strategy-for-planetary-science
[7] Z. Zhang, Y. Sun, Y. Li, J. Ai, X. Zheng y W. Wang, "Simulation and Analysis of the Influence of Sounding Rocket Outgassing on In-Situ Atmospheric Detection", MDPI, 2023. [Online]. Disponible en: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/3/603
[8] J. A. J. Carrillo, L. E. Mendoza y L. J. Cerveleón, "Ingeniería de cohetes de bajo costo para estudios de calidad del aire", Revista A&A, ojs.unipamplona.edu.co, 2025. [Online]. Disponible en: https://ojs.unipamplona.edu.co/index.php/aaas/article/view/4121
[9] W. L. de Oliveira Junior, H. A. Fazzolari y C. M. Freire, "6 degrees of freedom simulation of an unguided sounding rocket using Matlab/Simulink", saemobilus.sae.org, 2024. [Online]. Disponible en: https://saemobilus.sae.org/downloads/papers/2023-36-0095/Full%20Text%20PDF
[10] George M. Siouris, "Missile Guidance and Control Systems", 2004. [Online]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1849174
[11] C. Singh y C. H. Lin, "Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces aided communication: Capacity and performance analysis over Rician fading channel", arxiv.org, 2021. [Online]. Disponible en: https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.10937
[12] G. L. Thomas, D. E. Culley y A. Brand, "The application of hardware in the loop testing for distributed engine control", AIAA Aerospace Research Center, 2016. [Online]. Disponible en: https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/pdf/10.2514/6.2016-4654
[13] J. H. G. Jaimes, M. J. Q. Vargas y A. Q. Parra, "Monitoreo y caracterización fisicoquímica del material particulado PM2.5 en Cúcuta-Norte de Santander-Colombia", redalyc.org, 2012. [Online]. Disponible en: https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/903/90326398008.pdf
[14] W. Du, Y. Zhao, Y. S. Zhu, L. Li y J. Wang, "Vertical variability of particle number size distribution from ground to 260 m in Beijing", 2019. [Online]. Disponible en: https://acp.copernicus.org/preprints/acp-2019-155/
[15] Y. Jiang, B. Li, H. He, X. Li, D. Wang y Z. Peng, "Identification of the atmospheric boundary layer structure through vertical distribution of PM2.5 obtained by unmanned aerial vehicle measurements", Elsevier, 2022. [Online]. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231022001492
[16] L. Shen, Y. Cheng, X. Bai, H. Dai, X. Wei, L. Sun y Y. Yang, "Vertical profile of aerosol number size distribution during a haze pollution episode in Hefei, China", Elsevier, 2022. [Online]. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721077718
[17] R. Song, D. Wang, X. Li, B. Li, Z. Peng y H. He, "Characterizing vertical distribution patterns of PM2.5 in low troposphere of Shanghai city, China: Implications from the perspective of unmanned aerial vehicle ...", Elsevier, 2021. [Online]. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S135223102100546X
[18] H. T. Liao, Y. C. Lai, H. J. Chao y C. F. Wu, "Vertical characteristics of potential PM2.5 sources in the urban environment", Springer, 2023. [Online]. Disponible en: https://link.springer.com/article/10.4209/aaqr.220361
[19] P. Mali, M. S. Biswas, S. Beirle, T. Wagner y S. Hulswar, "Aerosol Measurements over India: Comparison of MAX-DOAS Measurements with Ground-based (AERONET) and Satellite-based (MODIS) Data", Springer, 2024. [Online]. Disponible en: https://link.springer.com/article/10.4209/aaqr.230076
[20] T. Wang, Y.-G. Zhao, C.-S. Lin, Y.-H. Gong, Y. Y. Zhang y Z.-M. Chen, "Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Borne Sensor System for Atmosphere-Particulate-Matter Measurements: Design and Experiments", 2019. [Online]. Disponible en: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/1/57
[21] X. B. Li, Z. R. Peng, Q. C. Lu, D. Wang, X. M. Hu, D. Wang y B. Li, "Evaluation of unmanned aerial system in measuring lower tropospheric ozone and fine aerosol particles using portable monitors", Elsevier, 2020. [Online]. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231019307733
[22] M. Broda, O. Zawadzka-Mańko y M. T. Chiliński, "A new radiosonde system for measuring the vertical variability of aerosol single scattering properties", egusphere.copernicus.org, 2026. [Online]. Disponible en: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2025-6467/
[23] J. Girdwood, H. Smith, W. Stanley y Z. Ulanowski, "Design and Field Campaign Validation of a Multirotor UAV and Optical Particle Counter", amt.copernicus.org, 2020. [Online]. Disponible en: https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/13/6613/2020/
[24] H. Madokoro, O. Kiguchi, T. Nagayoshi, T. Chiba y M. Inoue, "Development of drone-mounted multiple sensing system with advanced mobility for in situ atmospheric measurement: a case study focusing on PM2.5 local ...", MDPI, 2021. [Online]. Disponible en: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/14/4881
[25] C. Wu, B. Liu, D. Wu, H. Yang, X. Mao, J. Tan y Y. Liang, "Vertical profiling of black carbon and ozone using a multicopter unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in urban Shenzhen of South China", Elsevier, 2021. [Online]. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721047641
[26] X. Kong, X. Dou, H. Liu, G. Shi, X. Xiang, Q. Tan y D. Song, "A Monitoring and Sampling Platform for Air Pollutants on a Rotary-Wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle: Development and Application", MDPI, 2025. [Online]. Disponible en: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/16/5/613
[27] L. Moormann, T. Böttger, P. Schuhmann y L. Valero, "The Flying Laboratory FLab: development and application of a UAS to measure aerosol particles and trace gases in the lower troposphere", amt.copernicus.org, 2025. [Online]. Disponible en: https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/18/1441/2025/amt-18-1441-2025.html
[28] G. Silveira y V. Carrara, "A six degrees-of-freedom flight dynamics simulation tool of launch vehicles", SciELO Brasil, 2015. [Online]. Disponible en: https://www.scielo.br/j/jatm/a/XC4g7sXtvHGxgcdbd4T7dyc/?lang=en
[29] J. F. G. Escalante, R. Xu, H. Ogawa y A. Pudsey, "CFD-coupled 6-DOF attitude and trajectory analysis for hypersonic air vehicles", Informit, 2019. [Online]. Disponible en: https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.319896555377364
[30] W. J. Eerland, S. Box, H. Fangohr y A. Sóbester, "An open-source, stochastic, six-degrees-of-freedom rocket flight simulator, with a probabilistic trajectory analysis approach", AIAA Aerospace Research Center, 2017. [Online]. Disponible en: https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/pdf/10.2514/6.2017-1556
[31] "A stochastic six-degree-of-freedom flight simulator for passively controlled high power rockets", ePrints Soton, 2011. [Online]. Disponible en: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/73938/
[32] S. Chowdhury, J. Pitot de La Beaujardiere y M. Brooks, "An integrated six degree-of-freedom trajectory simulator for hybrid sounding rockets", AIAA Aerospace Research Center, 2011. [Online]. Disponible en: https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/pdf/10.2514/6.2011-1223
[33] J. Roshanian, A. A. Bataleblu y M. Ebrahimi, "Robust ascent trajectory design and optimization of a typical launch vehicle", Sage Journals, 2018. [Online]. Disponible en: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0954406217753460
[34] D. P. Drob, J. T. Emmert, J. W. Meriwether y J. J. Makela, "An update to the Horizontal Wind Model (HWM): The quiet time thermosphere", 2015. [Online]. Disponible en: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2014EA000089
[35] N. Filipe, M. Kontitsis y P. Tsiotras, "Extended Kalman filter for spacecraft pose estimation using dual quaternions", AIAA Aerospace Research Center, 2015. [Online]. Disponible en: https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/1.G000977
[36] J. Jiménez Carrillo, "Control para la adquisición y transmisión de datos desde la carga útil en un cohete tipo sonda", Trabajo de fin de maestría, Universidad de Pamplona, Repositorio Institucional, 2025.
[37] U. C. Onyema y T. G. Njoku, "EKF-Based IMU/GPS Sensor Fusion for Robust Urban Vehicle Localization with MPC Path Following", engrxiv.org. [Online]. Disponible en: https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/6701
[38] D. W. Pesce, J. A. Braatz, M. J. Reid, A. G. Riess y D. Scolnic, "The megamaser cosmology project. XIII. Combined Hubble constant constraints", 2020. [Online]. Disponible en: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ab75f0/meta
[39] K. Ghanizadegan y H. A. Hashim, "Quaternion-based Unscented Kalman Filter for 6-DoF Vision-based Inertial Navigation in GPS-denied Regions", 2023. [Online]. Disponible en: https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.02768v1
[40] S. Uzun, B. Acikmese y J. M. Carson, "Sequential convex programming for 6-DoF powered descent guidance with continuous time compound state-triggered constraints", AIAA Aerospace Research Center, 2025. [Online]. Disponible en: https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/6.2025-1895
[41] J. A. Doll, A. G. Kamath, K. W. Smith, J. M. Harper y I. Rowe, "Hardware in the loop performance of terrestrial powered descent dual quaternion guidance with a custom first-order solver", AIAA Aerospace Research Center, 2025. [Online]. Disponible en: https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/6.2025-2776
[42] C. L. Simplicio, J. Purita, W. Murrell y G. S. Santos, "Extracorporeal shock wave therapy mechanisms in musculoskeletal regenerative medicine", 2020. [Online]. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0976566220300631
[43] B. A. Steinfeldt, M. J. Grant, D. A. Matz, R. D. Braun y G. H. Barton, "Guidance, navigation, and control system performance trades for Mars pinpoint landing", 2010. [Online]. Disponible en: https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/1.45779
[44] P. dos Santos y P. Oliveira, "Pitch Plane Trajectory Tracking Control for Sounding Rockets via Adaptive Feedback Linearization", ieeexplore.ieee.org, 2025. [Online]. Disponible en: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/11068484/
[45] G. H. Ceotto, R. N. Schmitt, G. F. Alves, L. A. Pezente y B. S. Carmo, "RocketPy: Six degree-of-freedom rocket trajectory simulator", Journal of Aerospace Engineering, vol. 34, no. 6, 2021. [Online]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0001331
[46] X. Xu, Y. Chen y C. Bai, "Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Accurate Control of Planetary Soft Landing", Sensors, 2021. [Online]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3390/s21238161
[47] C. Hongbo, "Real-time guidance for powered landing of reusable rockets via deep learning", Neural Computing and Applications, Springer Nature Link, 2022. [Online]. Disponible en: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00521-022-08024-4
[48] "Onboard Guidance for Reusable Rockets: Aerodynamic Descent ...", 2021. [Online]. Disponible en: https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/10.2514/6.2021-0862
[49] A. C. Pinto, C. R. dos Santos y M. da Silva Pinho, "Hybrid DCT modal analysis-based compression of vibration signals for telemetry in sounding rockets", iopscience.iop.org, 2025. [Online]. Disponible en: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6501/adc326/meta
[50] M. Rice, R. Dye y K. Welling, "Narrowband channel model for aeronautical telemetry", 2000. [Online]. Disponible en: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/892684/
[51] O. Ceylan, A. Caglar, H. B. Tugrel, H. O. Cakar y A. O. Kislal, "Small satellites rock a software-defined radio modem and ground station design for cube satellite communication", ieeexplore.ieee.org, 2016. [Online]. Disponible en: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7401284/
[52] S. Lin y D. J. Costello, "Error Control Coding: Fundamentals and Applications", 2004. [Online]. Disponible en: https://www.pearson.com/en-us/subject-catalog/p/error-control-coding/P200000003536/9780130426727
[53] D. L. Gazzoni Filho, T. Abrão, M. C. Tosin y F. Granziera Jr, "Error correcting codes for reliable communications in microgravity platforms", Inderscience Online, 2012. [Online]. Disponible en: https://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/abs/10.1504/IJSCPM.2012.049544
[54] Z. Li, Y. Dong, C. Lu, Y. J. Wen, Y. Wang, W. Hu y T. H. Cheng, "Comparison of cross-gain modulation effect of Manchester-duobinary, RZ-DPSK, NRZ-DPSK, RZ, and NRZ modulation formats in SOAs", ieeexplore.ieee.org, 2006. [Online]. Disponible en: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/4026620/
[55] L. Rosa, "Development of HIL and SIL Simulations Tools and Design of an Onboard Computer Hardware for a Sounding Rocket", 2024.
[56] J. Simpson, "Autonomous Flight Safety System", 2010. [Online]. Disponible en: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20100036666/downloads/20100036666.pdf
[57] D. Cieśliński y R. Głębocki, "Model-Based Development of Autopilot for a Gasodynamically Controlled High Speed UAV", 2025. [Online]. Disponible en: https://reference-global.com/article/10.14313/jamris-2025-010
[58] D. Cieśliński, R. Dziczkaniec, J. Kierski y C. Szczepański, "Simulation Model for Hardware-in-the-Loop Tests of the ILR-33 AMBER Rocket Control System", MDPI, 2025. [Online]. Disponible en: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/13/4083
[59]D. A. Duarte Arias and O. Ortega Chacón, “Inteligencia artificial: retos y desafíos de la ética laboral en la sociedad tecnológica”, Mundo Fesc, vol. 12, no. S3, pp. 266–280, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.61799/2216-0388.1458.
[60] F. A. Aponte Novoa, D. Jabba-Molinares, and P. M. Wightman-Rojas, “Uso y aplicaciones de la integración entre computación cuántica y blockchain: revisión sistemática exploratoria”, Mundo Fesc, vol. 11, no. 21, pp. 156–165, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.61799/2216-0388.632.
[61]C. A. Pacheco-Sánchez, J. G. Arévalo-Ascanio, and G. T. Navarro-Claro, “Incidencia del uso de las TIC en los resultados académicos”, Mundo Fesc, vol. 10, no. 20, pp. 143–155, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.61799/2216-0388.749.
[62] S. M. Castro-Escobar, L. Jaimes-Cerveleón, Z. Peñaranda-Ayala, and Z. Nieto-Sánchez, “Seis sigma para la solución de problemas de la calidad. Caso de estudio proceso de envasado de café molido ”, Mundo Fesc, vol. 11, no. s4, pp. 170–189, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.61799/2216-0388.953.
[63] J. J. Castro-Maldonado, J. A. . Patiño-Murillo, y E. Camargo-Casallas, «Aplicación de analítica de datos en la evaluación de los procesos de investigación aplicada y desarrollo experimental para fortalecer las competencias del siglo XXI en una institución de educación no formal», Respuestas, vol. 27, n.º 2, pp. 6–26, may 2022.doi:10.22463/0122820X.3541
[64] J. D. Ceballos-Cogollo y B. . Acevedo-Buitrago, «Evaluación de la contaminación acústica en zonas aledañas a entornos sensibles en la ciudad de Bogotá y su relación con el uso del suelo», Respuestas, vol. 26, n.º 1, pp. 181–191, ene. 2021.doi:10.22463/0122820X.2942
[65] Y. R. . Carrillo-Amado, M. A. . Califa-Urquiza, y J. A. . Ramón-Valencia, «Calibración y estandarización de mediciones de calidad del aire usando sensores MQ», Respuestas, vol. 25, n.º 1, pp. 70–77, ene. 2020.doi:10.22463/0122820X.2408
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2026 Mundo FESC
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
